前言
在澳門進行建築物消防安全設計時,大部分法律依據來自本地的39/2022號法規《樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章》、 15/2021號法規《樓宇及場地防火安全的法律制度》和14/2021《都市建築法律制度》等內容。然而,由於部分地標性建築物因需要空間超大、超高或外型獨特等原因,無法完全依據本地的防火條例以及建築法規進行合理的消防和建築設計。因此,設計師就會考慮引用外地法規進行建築物的消防和建築設計。
因為每個地方的法規都不可能百分之百完善,國際上的已發展國家有一個慣例:當本地法規沒有相關內容或規定時,很多時候會局部引用其他國家的法規。如果引用外地法規對建築物的整體性和全面性造成重大改變,國內有一個通俗易懂的名詞叫做「超規範設計」。在澳門使用超規範建築設計時,通常有兩種慣用的方法。第一種方法是俗稱的性能化(消防模擬)設計;第二種方法是大範圍地引用某一種外地條例或法規。其中,美國的IBC(International Building Code)是澳門最常被引用的一種。
Introduction
In Macau, the design of building fire safety primarily relies on local regulations such as Regulation No. 39/2022, 'Aprova o Regulamento técnico de segurança contra incêndios em edifícios e recintos ', Regulation No. 15/2021, 'Regime jurídico da segurança contra incêndios em edifícios e recintos ', and Regulation No. 14/2021, 'Regime jurídico da construção urbana '. However, certain landmark buildings, due to their large spaces, great heights, or unique shapes, cannot fully comply with these local fire safety and building regulations. In such cases, designers may refer to foreign regulations for building fire safety and design.
Given that no set of regulations is completely comprehensive, it is a common practice in developed countries to reference other countries' regulations when local laws lack specific content or provisions. If referencing foreign regulations significantly alters the overall design, it is referred to as 'Out-of-Spec ' design. In Macau, there are typically two methods for employing Out-of-Spec design: performance-based (fire simulation) design and extensively referencing a specific foreign code or regulation, with the International Building Code (IBC) being the most frequently cited.
澳門使用超規範設計的情況
究竟澳門什麼時候開始使用超規範設計呢?其實我並不確定,因為這在我進入行業之前就已經存在了。但我們如何判斷某個建築物是否使用了超規範設計呢?可以看看本地一些現存的建築,例如澳門國際機場、觀光塔等。我們從它們中超大的單體空間,或超出本地法規要求的逃生距離,可以確定這些建築並非依據本地法規設計。
近年來,澳門開始廣泛引用超規範設計的項目,包括使用IBC進行防火安全設計的澳門金沙娛樂場。而漁人碼頭、新濠鋒等建築也採用了部分性能化設計。金光大道上的綜合建築體,例如威尼斯人和倫敦人、新濠天地、美高梅,甚至澳門政府的港珠澳項目,也引用了IBC代替《樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章》和《都市建築法律制度》進行設計。
Application of Out-of-Spec Design in Macau
I don't know when Macau began using Out-of-Spec design, as this practice predated my entry into this industry. However, how can we determine if a building was designed using Out-of-Spec standards? We can look at some existing structures, like Macau International Airport and the Macau Tower. Their large single spaces and evacuation distances exceeding local regulations suggest they weren't designed solely according to local standards.
In recent years, Macau has increasingly adopted Out-of-Spec design. Notable examples include the Macau Sands Casino, which uses the International Building Code (IBC) for fire safety design. Other structures, such as the Fisherman's Wharf and Altira Macau, have incorporated performance-based designs. Comprehensive complexes on the Cotai Strip, like The Venetian and The Londoner, City of Dreams, MGM, and even government projects like the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, have extensively referenced the IBC instead of local regulations.
說說使用超規範設計的原因
我們之前提到,在本澳當我們去做建築設計時,需要滿足包括39/2022號法規《樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章》、 15/2021號法規《樓宇及場地防火安全的法律制度》和14/2021《都市建築法律制度》等本澳相關規定。我們先看看以下39/2022第八十條和四十七條的規定。
Reasons for Using a Out-of-Spec Design Design
As previously mentioned, building design in Macau must comply with several local regulations, including Administrative Regulation No. 39/2022, Law No. 15/2021 and Law No. 14/2021.To better understand how these regulations impact design choices, let’s first examine the requirements set out in Articles 80 and 47 of Administrative Regulation No. 39/2022.
看完以上法規的資料後,再看看常見的例子,如上圖所示的機場登機大堂和本澳大型綜合體內的娛樂場。由於使用需求原因,這些地方需要很大的連通性室內空間,因此無法滿足表八中有關防火分隔的要求。此外,如右圖所示的例子,同樣無法滿足表十三條有關最大逃生距離的要求。
所以,當你的設計需要將室內空間做得遠大於澳門法規規定的大小,而設計同時無法滿足最大逃生距離時,這便是最常見需要使用超規範設計的原因了。其他原因,例如優化76度街影線(日照線)限制、解決退縮平台和EVA的關係、消防介入面以及減小天面預留的可到達逃生/避難面積等問題也存在,但相比之下,這些通常比較次要。
After reviewing the above regulations, consider common examples such as airport departure halls and casinos at large integrated complexes in Macao. Due to usage requirements, these places need large interconnected indoor spaces, which fail to meet the fire compartmentalisation requirements in Table 8. Additionally, as shown in the right-hand illustration, they also do not satisfy the maximum escape distance requirements in Table 13.
Therefore, when your design necessitates indoor spaces that are significantly larger than those specified by Macao regulations, and simultaneously cannot meet the maximum escape distance requirements, these are the most common reasons for employing out-of-spec design. Other reasons, such as optimising the 76-degree street shadow line (sunlight line) restrictions, resolving the relationship between setback platforms and EVA, fire intervention areas, and reducing the required accessible escape/refuge area on rooftops, also exist but are generally secondary.
超規範設計的兩種常見形式
上文提到了,澳門在針建築物進行超規範設計時。以性能化(消防模擬)設計, 以及引用外地條例(IBC)等兩種形式最為常見,我們簡單地介紹兩種不同形式的分別。
Two Common Forms of Out-of-Spec Design
As mentioned above, in Macao, out-of-spec design for buildings commonly takes two forms: performance-based (fire simulation) design and the adoption of foreign regulations (IBC). Here, we briefly introduce the differences between these two approaches.
先說說性能化設計的提出方式
如何向行政當局申請,以性能化設計取代本地法規?首先,在建築初期階段,應明確定義並提出擬建築物中需要採用性能化設計的部分。接著,提交相關計劃,由消防局提供技術意見,並待土地工務運輸局批准後,即可採用性能化設計,對建築物進行全面或局部的設計調整。
例如,若某酒店樓高四十層,業主希望將 28 樓與 29 樓設計為連貫的超大空間,且該空間的總面積與總體積超越了《39/2022 行政法規》第四十七條表八的要求,則可於大樓建造或重建時,向政府申請採用性能化設計。
當同一建築內同時使用本地法規與性能化設計時,對比全面引用 IBC,此做法的銜接問題相對較小。其原因在於,性能化設計的核心仍然是本地法規,而性能化僅適用於特定需要的部分,以取代或豁免部分法規限制。例如,若 28 樓與 29 樓採用性能化設計,則日後若對該空間進行改動,並涉及性能化報告的核心內容,則需重新提交更新版本的性能化報告。在澳門,具備資格向政府提交性能化報告的單位,須事先獲得官方認可。
Submission of Performance-Based Design Proposals
How can one apply to the authorities for a performance-based design to replace local regulations? First, at the early stages of construction, it is essential to define and specify which parts of the proposed building require a performance-based approach. Once this is established, the plan must be submitted for review, with technical input provided by the Fire Services Bureau. Upon approval from the Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau, performance-based design can then be adopted—either for the entire building or specific sections.
For instance, if a hotel has 40 storeys and the owner wishes to create a continuous, large open space across the 28th and 29th floors, exceeding the requirements set out in Table 8 of Article 47 in Administrative Regulation No. 39/2022, they may apply to the government for permission to implement performance-based design during the construction or redevelopment of the building.
When both local regulations and performance-based design are applied within the same structure, there are fewer integration issues compared to fully adopting the International Building Code (IBC). This is because the primary framework of the design still adheres to local regulations, with performance-based methodology used only to replace or exempt specific regulatory constraints where necessary. For example, if the 28th and 29th floors are designed using performance-based principles, any future modifications affecting key points in the performance-based report would necessitate the resubmission of an updated report. In Macau, only units officially recognised by the government are authorised to submit performance-based reports.
性能化報告的核心內容
性能化報告主要涵蓋 建築物內的逃生與防護 兩大設計重點。其中,逃生設計依據建築平面圖,並結合澳門法規預設的人員數量(《39/2022 行政法規》第七十三條 表十一),再利用消防模擬軟件分析人員流動、群眾密度、移動速度與出口寬度,以計算 REST(疏散至安全地點所需時間)。接著,將 REST 與 ASET(樓宇允許的疏散時間)比較,以確定疏散是否在安全範圍內。
通常,報告結果以數據與圖表呈現,並透過 SIMULEX 軟件計算疏散時間。此外,亦會參考消防安全工程中的經驗公式進行比對,以確保計算結果的準確性與可靠性。
Key Components of a Performance-Based Report
A performance-based report primarily focuses on evacuation and fire protection within a building. The evacuation design is based on floor plans and aligned with Macau regulations regarding expected occupancy numbers (Administrative Regulation No. 39/2022, Table 11 of Article 73). Using fire simulation software, factors such as crowd density, movement speed, and exit width are analysed to calculate REST (Required Evacuation Safety Time). This is then compared with ASET (Available Safe Evacuation Time) to ensure evacuation feasibility.
Results are typically presented using data and charts. In addition to SIMULEX software for evacuation time calculations, industry-standard safety engineering formulas are also referenced to verify accuracy and reliability.
用模擬軟體做出最不利點的逃生時間去作為性能化消防安全報告的評估,港澳比較常用的模擬軟件為SIMULEX。
上式中人員響應時間以CIBSE Guide E 內之建議去計算,其實表中沒有有關娛樂場使用之相關數據,但澳門一般使用二份鐘去計算。
而保護則包括了煙霧抽排能力(Smoke Purge)等。其他細節如排疏能力的調整就在這裡不詳談。以上是消防軟件的逃生疏散模擬結果。
再談談部份或整體"IBC"設計的要點
引用超規範另一種的常見形式就是部份或整體引用IBC設計,其實過程是相當複雜而且麻煩。但對於大型複雜的建築綜合體來說,他有著無可取代的魅力。因為大型綜合體在群樓等區域,往往有大型的商場、酒店大堂、娛樂場等等存在超大空間的需求,以及引用IBC去設計對於廚房、天面預留空間、外型、機房、逃生、疏排能力等等也更為靈活。
到底如何去向行政當局提出作引用IBC去設計呢? 其實過程和"性能化"有點類似,就是當你在開始建築計劃的初期階段,先去定義並提出你即將興建的建築物裡面,有那一些部份需要以"IBC"去做設計。然後,你把計劃提交並由消防局提供技術意見及待土地工務運輸局批核後,你就可以使用IBC去對你的建築物進行全面或局部的設計。
在設計方面,IBC除了可以改變原有消防條例中超大、超距的相關規定限制以外,亦可以對一些和因受消防限制的建築形式,例如退縮、天面逃生預留空間、撲救或消介入面等以IBC及相關規定去設計。缺點是,以後該建築物無論有任可再小的修改,也需要提交大量的文件,以及由原來的第三方認證單位簽署,這部份下一節會詳述。而且會涉及到大量的額外時間和金錢。
Key Points of Partial or Full IBC Design
Another common approach to exceeding standard regulations is adopting partial or full International Building Code (IBC) design. While the process is complex and requires significant effort, it offers irreplaceable advantages for large and intricate building complexes. In areas with multiple high-rise structures, such as shopping centres, hotel lobbies, and entertainment venues, there is often a demand for expansive open spaces. The flexibility of IBC also enhances design options for kitchens, rooftop allocations, building façades, mechanical rooms, evacuation routes, and drainage capacity.
Submitting an IBC-Based Design Proposal
The process for proposing an IBC-based design to authorities is similar to performance-based design. At the early planning stage, the required areas within the building must be identified and defined. Once the proposal is drafted, it is submitted for technical review by the Fire Services Bureau, followed by approval from the Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau. Upon approval, IBC principles can be applied either partially or to the entire building.
Design Flexibility and Challenges
IBC allows for modifications beyond traditional fire safety regulations, particularly for large spaces and extended distances. Additionally, it offers design solutions for setbacks, rooftop evacuation zones, fire intervention points, and rescue access areas—elements that would otherwise be limited by standard fire regulations.
However, a significant drawback of IBC adoption is the extensive documentation required for any future changes, no matter how minor. All modifications must be officially signed off by the original third-party certification body, leading to additional time and financial costs, which will be discussed in the next section
(LSE)是IBC的消防安全及生命計劃中的重要且獨有文件,大概以 IBC Section 1004中的相關及其引用的規定,以使用空間性質、面積計算、Occupat Load Factor,去換算出包括Actual number of Occupants為設計依據。
這些年來,很多業主受到不明的因素或路邊消息影響,經常出現一些誤解。就是倘若該建築物全面地引用了IBC去作為超規範設計的消防替代方案以後,就可以完全參照IBC內容的相關規定去做所有設計。就我的經驗和理解來說,是錯的。 最常見的錯誤之一是企圖以IBC的要求去取代本澳的燃料安全法規。
其實,IBC的引用原意只是就<<樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章>>中消防安全及其<<都市建築法律制度>>中,只對消防安全有關的部份建築形式及標準作出取代。 但其實,本澳的燃料安全法規並非沿自<<樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章>>,例子就是IBC可以單單使用防火玻璃/全開放式分隔明火廚房和客人使用區域。但在澳門這種情況,就算你引用了IBC也不可。另外,一些例如CRF30+M0門和UL門這些因擾令很多人做成混亂的問題。同樣地,你其實亦無法以IBC的規定去取代原83/96/M、16/96/M以及衛生局、社工局對建築形式的其他要求的相關規定。
另外,使用IBC時,常常見到有關一些類似AMMR(Alternative Material, Design, and Methods Request) 之類的東西(沒有統一名稱),其實多數出現在建築師提出使用超規範設計的首份文件裡 面,消防局傾向於不再對一些無必要的AMMR作出批核,大家需要注意一下。
兩種超規範引用方法不同的地方
兩種方法中有四個比較重要的地方是不一樣的:
第一個不一樣,就是每當你定義使用IBC去設計時,你同時需要定義本建築物所引用的版本。例如IBC2005 、IBC2012等,同時,有關Egress、消防系統等等之類的問題很多時候也需要引用到NFPA例如13, 14, 2001, 72, 1126等等,亦可能因應本地的情況,在整個IBC的設計中放棄引用一些IBC/NFPA規定並用回本地的法規,例如一些出口標示及方法、滅火筒、BI、HR水壓等,你需要設計一開始的時候對各個要點先作詳細定義。
第二個不一樣是適用範圍,使用性能化主要是為了解決樓宇及場地防火安全技術規章中七十三條及第八十條的問題,即是超大、超距(及其相關的人員疏散能力)兩點。 而防火安全規章和都市建築總章程中規定的一些建築形式,例如退縮、天面逃生預留空間、撲救或消介入面等需要放寬的問題我認為只能透過引用IBC去解決。
第三個不一樣,就是每次提交文件的種類和數量,我們可以從下表去做比較。
第四個不一樣,就是完工時的驗收步驟,假若你在使用IBC的場所進行更改計劃。當時完工的時候,你需要先通知為你簽署消防計劃的第三方公司的先進行驗收後並取得QAA書面文件後,才能約消防局、工務部門等驗收。 而當你使用性能化的時候,其實和澳門一直在沿用的手續沒有太大的分別。
將來
將來,預計會通過修改相關法規的方向,並傾向於,倘採用其他國家/地區建築防火規範和技術標準,及/或採用性能化設計, 須事先由消防局發出具約束力意見, 並經土地工務運輸局批准;認證有關設計的第三方機構的資格須預先獲消防局註冊,同時,因為消防局對於文件之審批及項目實體的監管,由於將會升級並具有權限實體的功能。所以將來相關資格的註冊和批核的準則將來會更加嚴格和緊慎。
一些個人感想是,前段中我有提到,若你在建築初期階段使用了IBC設計,日後該建築物無論有任可再小的修改,也需要提交大量的文件,以及必需由原來的第三方認證單位簽署。其實這個規定,在澳門我並沒有找到任何法律依據,甚至乎連規定也說不上。我們就以本澳的消防設計為例,當一個整體建築物使用了某一家消防公司做設計並進行驗收以後,日後若有任何更改,市民有權比較價錢和服務質量去聘用任何一家合法的消防設計公司,以本澳法規向行政當局提出更改計劃。 但當你使用同樣的邏輯去選用另一家公司進行局部IBC設計及認證是行不通的。你必需只能使原來的同一家。而且更有趣的是,在2018年前,全澳門九成企業幾乎必需使用的是同一家公司(除了後台比花崗岩硬的那家博企外),其實也有過不小企業向行政部門提出不滿或改變現狀的要求,但每次都被一句似是而非的答覆去回絶,這件事水很深,我們這裡只談技術,所以大家不要再追問下去了。
R.S.E F.Chan 12.2020
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