02.淺談在澳門經營健身行業的相關牌照有那幾種?

前言，又長氣又沉悶的當年..........

在澳門，凡經營以賺錢為目的的營業場所，大部分都需要申請牌照，當然健身房也屬其中之一。在澳門於1999年回歸之前，約有十五類的行政執照由當時的行政暨公職司統一管理，包括：

a) 電影院及劇院； b) 遊戲機及影像遊戲機； c) 桌球及保齡球； d) 蒸氣浴及按摩； e) 健康俱樂部類型的場所； f) 理髮店、髮型屋及美容院； g) 公開的娛樂及表演； h) 卡拉OK； i) 色情物品； j) 婚姻介紹所； l) 職業介紹所； m) 健身中心或健美中心； n) 獎券銷售、抽獎及相關活動； o) 電影的製作與導演，包括廣告性質的影片； p) 賣物會、展銷會及拍賣等。

1999年回歸後，行政暨公職司重組為行政暨公職局（S.A.F.P.），並對以上職能進行了大幅度的重新分配。由於舊朝代立法的原意使得相關權限難以徹底分割，因此，即使上述第 m 項健身院或健美院的行政執照由體育局負責發出，從某些角度來看，職能的重新分配後仍然無法達到權限的完整分割。

其實，在澳門合法經營健身行業有多種方式。而澳門大部分市民，甚至有些業內人士，其實並不完全清楚。由於前文提及的歷史原因，在澳門經營健身行業的合法途徑其實不只一種。以下將與大家探討三種常出現的牌照的適用性及相關要求。而其他如以社團或會所形式運作的健身室，由於存在很大的法律灰色地帶，因此本文不作討論。

In Macao, most profit-driven business premises require a license, including gyms. Before Macao’s return to China in 1999, around 15 types of administrative licences were centrally managed by the former Administração e Função Pública de Macau. These included:

a) Cinemas and theatres; b) Arcade and video games; c) Billiards and bowling; d) Steam baths and massages; e) Health clubs; f) Barbershops, hair salons, and beauty parlours; g) Public entertainment and performances; h) Karaoke; i) Adult materials; j) Marriage agencies; l) Employment agencies; m) Fitness or bodybuilding centres; n) Lotteries, raffles, and similar activities; o) Film production and directing, including advertisements; p) Bazaars, trade fairs, and auctions.

After the return to China in 1999, the Direcção dos Serviços de Administração e Função Pública was reorganised into the Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau (S.A.F.P.), and its functions were redistributed. However, the original legislation made it difficult to fully separate these authorities. As a result, even though fitness centre licences under item m were allocated to the Sports Bureau, the redistribution of functions did not fully achieve a clear division of authority.

In Macau, there are various ways to legally operate a fitness business. However, most residents, and even some industry professionals, are not entirely clear about them. Due to the historical reasons mentioned earlier, there is more than one legal approach to running a fitness business in Macau. This article will discuss the suitability and requirements of three commonly seen licences. Other methods, such as operating fitness centres through associations or clubs, fall into significant legal grey areas and are therefore not covered here.

第一種-從體育局取得行政執照

以上提到，因為當年行政暨公職司重組時，把原有法規內m項之健身院或健美院的行政執照撥入由體育局負責發出，這就是我們最常見的一種健身房執照。

在經營場所選址上有以下要求: 

需為酒店;

或 公寓式酒店 

或 旅遊綜合體 ;

或 旅館或純商業樓宇;

或 有 條件地設於有住宅單位之樓宇(商住用途建築)。

#另外相關高度亦需要符合體育局的要求才能取得牌照。

前面幾種情況，我認為大家都能很簡單地從字面上理解，所以我就集中解釋一下最後兩種比較複雜的情況。

首先，澳門政府對純商業樓宇的定義是什麼？一般來說，在同一個“獨立建築物”中，如果整棟建築的用途完全為商業，則可視為純商業樓宇。另外，如果地面層及部分樓層為商業用途，而樓上層為寫字樓（辦公室）用途，目前體育局也同樣將其視為符合健身房行政執照發牌要求的純商業樓宇。然而，需要留意的是，這裡提到的“獨立建築物”的定義需依據該物業的物業登記證明書來判斷。因為即使是一個看似完全獨立的商業樓群，但如果在政府登記上是與住宅群連在一起的話，在體育局的判斷下，此類情況只能將該地方視為商住用途建築物。

再來要談另一種，什麼是有條件地設於有住宅單位之樓宇(商住用途建築)內? 因為在澳門特別行政區47/89/M法令內有規定，假如建身室設立在商住用途建築物內，只能設於該幢建築物的地庫或地面層。

其實對投資者選址來說，以上兩點非常重要。澳門就曾經有一個國際大型的連鎖建身集團因為選址不符合以上規定。並且未得到相關部門批核就開始裝修工程，最後工程己基本完成，但卻因為不能經營及取得牌照而造成重大損失，最後整個集團撤離澳門後再沒有回來。

The first – Obtaining an administrative licence from the Instituto do Desporto. 

As mentioned earlier, during the reorganisation of the Direcção dos Serviços de Administração e Função Pública, the administrative licences for fitness centres or gyms under item m of the original regulations were transferred to the Instituto do Desporto. This is the most common type of fitness centre licence.

The requirements for the location of the business premises are as follows:

• It need to be in a hotel;

• Or a serviced apartment hotel;

• Or a tourism complex;

• Or a hostel or a purely commercial building;

• Or conditionally located in a building with residential units (mixed-use buildings).

#Additionally, the premises must meet the height requirements set by the Instituto do Desporto in order to obtain the licence.

For the earlier scenarios, I believe they can be easily understood from their descriptions, so I will focus on explaining the last two, which are comparatively more complex.

Firstly, how does the Macau government define a purely commercial building? Generally speaking, if an entire independent building is used exclusively for commercial purposes, it is considered a purely commercial building. Additionally, if the ground floor and certain levels are designated for commercial use, while the upper floors are offices, the Instituto do Desporto also regards this as meeting the licensing requirements for fitness centres.

However, it is important to note the definition of an 'independent building.' This must be determined based on the property registration certificate. For instance, even if a commercial complex appears to be entirely independent, it may be registered by the government as connected to a residential complex. In such cases, the Instituto do Desporto would classify the building as a mixed-use property.

Next, let’s discuss another type: what does it mean for a fitness centre to be conditionally located within a building with residential units (mixed-use building)? According to Macau Special Administrative Region Decree 47/89/M, if a fitness centre is set up in a mixed-use building, it can only be located in the basement or on the ground floor of the building.

The above points are critical for investors when choosing a location. In Macau, a major international fitness chain once failed to comply with these regulations and began renovations without approval. Despite completing the works, they were unable to operate or obtain a licence, resulting in significant losses. The chain ultimately withdrew from Macau and has not returned.

第二種-從旅遊局取得健康俱樂部牌照

根據47/89/M法規挸定，假若健身房設於健康俱樂部內，則不需要另外為健身房申請牌照即可經營，這一種就在我們在酒店裡面經常見到的建身房牌照。

在經營場所選址上有以下要求: 

開設於酒店、

公寓式酒店、

旅遊綜合體、

旅館、

純商業樓宇以及非純商業樓宇內之商用部分*，(必需具獨立出入口)。

大家可以看到，就選址要求性方面，其實旅遊局和體育局所發出的行政執照的要求大同小異，但有些細節在於兩個不同部門之間對相同的條文存在不同的理解，結果就變得相差很大。#

#以上這種情況近年有所改變，評定用途統一交由土地工務局去進行。

最主要的分歧點在於， “純商業樓宇、以及非純商業樓宇內之商用部分*，且具獨立出入口” 這一點。 何謂需要獨立出入口? 旅遊局的要求就是你的建身房不管在幾樓，亦需要設置一通道/樓梯等等由你的場所之其中一個出入口能直達地面層到室外。而且這通道不能和其他場所和樓層相連或共同。以上這點要求的原因和出處不可而知，有可能是澳門旅遊局的大部份相關牌照都有同樣的要求的習慣性做法。就是因為同一類法規在不同部門管轄下，出現了不同的要求和理解，所以這一點大家在選址上必需小心注意。

而且對於何謂純商業樓宇的定義也隨時間而改變，所以有些細微的差異。澳門的旅遊局慣常的做法認為，商業樓宇的定義只需要樓宇裙樓部分中作商業用途的部分或單位，而塔樓只需考慮投影部份。但實際操作上如此，結果是反而並不如體育局定義般苛刻。

另外，健康俱樂部牌照的用途也較廣泛。當你設置健康俱樂部時，除了可以利用這個牌照經營建身室外，亦可提供餐飲，也能提供按摩服務。

The second – Obtaining a health club licence from MGTO.

According to Decree 47/89/M, if a gym is located within a health club, a separate licence for the gym is not required for operation. This type refers to the gym licences that we often see in hotels.

The location requirements for the business are as follows:

• Located in a hotel,

• A serviced apartment hotel,

• A tourism complex,

• A hostel,

• A purely commercial building, or

• The commercial section of a mixed-use building* (must have a separate entrance).

As you can see, the location requirements for licences issued by MGTO and the Instituto do Desporto are largely similar. However, differences arise due to the two departments interpreting the same regulations in slightly different ways, leading to significant discrepancies in practice. #

#In recent years, this type of situation has changed, with the assessment of usage now unified and handled by the DSSCU.

The main issue lies in the requirement for 'purely commercial buildings and commercial sections of mixed-use buildings with an independent entrance.' MGTO specifies that gyms must have a dedicated passageway or staircase directly connecting an entrance to the ground floor and outdoors, without sharing access with other premises.

This requirement likely stems from MGTO's habitual practices for licensing. Differences in interpretation between departments for similar regulations mean investors must carefully consider this when selecting a location.

Over time, the definition of purely commercial buildings has evolved, resulting in subtle differences. MGTO usually considers only the podium’s commercial sections and the tower’s projection area, making its interpretation less strict compared to that of the Instituto do Desporto.

A health club licence also offers broader applications, allowing not only gym operations but also dining and massage services.

第三種-從教青局取得私立教育機構執照

根據用途和澳門現行法規(主要是38/93/M及11/91/M)，在符合某些條件的情況下，健身室亦可以利用教青局私立教育機構執照去營運。

在經營場所選址上自由度相同大，就算是辦公室用途也可以，亦不必強制需要設立獨立的衛生設施。但有一點需要注意的是，你所選擇的場所必需要有自然採光和通風。雖然在修文上這並非絶對必要的，但是，你選擇的場所若欠缺充足的自然採光和通風這兩點的話，需要提交作為替代方案的證明和證據相當繁鎖，而且批核的可能性又很低，若非必要建議不要嘗試。

至於利用教育局執照去經營建身室有什麼限制? 就是必需為教學用途，而且需要滿足教青局定下的相關規章， 當然你也不能夠宣稱你是教育機構但變成了大眾開放的健身室，至於其他法律問題閣下可自行想像。

The third  – Obtaining a private educational institution licence from DSEJ.

Under Macau’s regulations (primarily 38/93/M and 11/91/M), gyms may operate with this licence if certain conditions are met. This option allows flexible location choices, including office spaces, without requiring independent sanitation facilities. However, venues must have natural light and ventilation. Lacking these may require lengthy approval processes with low success rates.

The licence must be used for educational purposes, complying with DSEJ's rules. Claiming to be an educational institution while running a public gym is not allowed, with potential legal implications.

這是物業登記的其中一種

有用連結

體育局網站         https://www.sport.gov.mo/zh/

教育及青年發展局網站         https://portal.dsedj.gov.mo/webdsejspace/internet/Inter_main_page.jsp

旅遊局網站      https://industry.macaotourism.gov.mo/cn/index.php

土地工務局  https://www.dsscu.gov.mo/zh

主要適用法例

47/89/M，16/96/M，83/96/M，79/85/M，24/95/M，38/93/M，11/91/M

R.S.E  F.Chan 09.2023更新

http://www.fnsi-macau.com

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