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先談談澳門食水供應的穩定性
澳門的供水與供電系統一向穩定，雖然本地鮮有地震、海嘯等重大天災，但卻屬於颱風多發地區。與地震或海嘯等突發性災害不同，颱風具有一項顯著特點 "預報與預警時間相對充裕"。正因如此，澳門居民普遍缺乏危機意識，也未養成日常儲備食水與糧食的習慣。
然而，本澳的防洪、防澇基礎設施及城市規劃，至今仍予人停留在百年前水平的印象。每當強颱風或風暴潮來襲，城市偶爾仍會遭受嚴重打擊，導致供水供電出現不穩。（此文暫不深入探討城市基建問題。）
一種現象在全球各地屢見不鮮：每當強颱風等可預警的天災即將來臨，超市的瓶裝水總是瞬間被搶購一空。這反映出兩個問題：其一，市民對政府及供水系統的穩定性缺乏信心；其二，由於宣傳與教育不足，許多市民在資訊不充分的情況下產生恐慌性搶購。
結果，每次颱風過後，許多家庭都會留下大量未飲用完的瓶裝水，以及堆積如山的一次性塑膠瓶。他們總以「有備無患」為藉口，卻從未真正了解自身所需的水量，也缺乏相關資訊以協助正確估算。這不僅造成經濟上的浪費，更對地球環境構成長遠影響。
How Reliable Is Macau’s Drinking Water Supply System?
Macau’s water and electricity supply systems are generally stable. While the region rarely experiences major natural disasters like earthquakes or tsunamis, it is frequently affected by typhoons. Unlike sudden disasters, typhoons come with relatively long lead times for forecasting and warnings. As a result, many residents lack a strong sense of crisis preparedness and do not routinely stock up on food or drinking water.
However, Macau’s flood control infrastructure and urban planning still give the impression of being outdated. When strong typhoons or storm surges hit, the city can suffer serious disruptions, including temporary failures in water and power supply. (This article will not delve into infrastructure issues.)
A common global phenomenon occurs whenever a severe, forecastable disaster approaches: bottled water in supermarkets is quickly wiped out. This reflects two key issues—first, a lack of public confidence in government and utility systems; second, inadequate public education, which leads to panic buying driven by misinformation.
After each typhoon, many households are left with large amounts of unused bottled water and piles of single-use plastic bottles. People justify this with the idea of “better safe than sorry,” yet few truly understand how much water they actually need, nor do they have access to reliable information to help estimate it. This leads to unnecessary spending and long-term environmental harm.
說一說，我們每個人每天平均需要用多少水?
澳門可以被比喻為一個已發展但環保意識薄弱的城市，由於缺乏農業生產，而且水資源主要依賴外部供應。每人每日的平均用水量可估算為 200 公升，其中：
沖廁用水約 100 公升
洗澡用水約 90 公升
其餘 10 公升則用於 洗衣、洗碗、煮食及直接飲用
當然，這些數據只是大環境的平均統計，具體用水量會因應不同家庭的習慣而有所變化。然而，從數據來看，直接飲用水的平均量僅約 2~3 公升/人/日，其實佔總用水量的比例相當小。
#根據世界衛生組織WHO的建議： 每人每日飲用水需求約為 2~4 公升，視氣候與活動量而定。
How much water do we actually use each day?
Macau can be seen as a developed city with relatively low environmental awareness. With no significant agricultural production and a heavy reliance on external water sources, its water security is shaped by unique constraints.
On average, each person in Macau uses around 200 litres of water per day, broken down roughly as follows:
Toilet flushing: approximately 100 litres
Showering: around 90 litres
Other uses—such as laundry, washing dishes, cooking, and drinking—account for the remaining 10 litres
Of course, these figures are broad estimates and actual consumption varies depending on household habits. However, data suggests that direct drinking water makes up only about 2 to 3 litres per person per day, a surprisingly small proportion of total usage.
# According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the recommended daily intake of drinking water is 2 to 4 litres per person, depending on climate and physical activity levels.
那麼，颱風來臨前我們需要儲備多少水呢？
簡單來說，如果你擔心沒有準備瓶裝水會失去迎接颱風的「儀式感」，可以為家中每位成員準備三天的飲用水，即每人約 6 至 9 公升的瓶裝水便已足夠。原因很簡單：颱風來襲時不一定會立即停電或斷水，即使發生，通常也不會在颱風登陸的瞬間出現。根據過往經驗，從颱風登陸到出現停電、斷水，再到供應恢復甚至極端情況的救濟，三天的儲水量已足以應對極端情況。
至於洗碗、煮飯等日常用水，若在颱風期間真的出現斷水斷電，而你仍希望維持基本的清潔習慣，例如手洗衣物或拖地，可按每人每日 10 公升的用水量計算，三天下來即需 30 公升。
如果你堅持在停水停電期間仍維持如常的生活品質，包括沖廁和洗澡，每人每日大約需要 190 公升的儲水量。不過，洗衣後的水其實可以循環再利用來沖廁。既然是災難情況，不妨稍作調整，將每日用水量減少 30 公升。如此一來，每人三天的儲水量約為 480 公升（即約 0.48 立方米）。若家中沒有浴缸或大型儲水容器，這個儲水量確實不易實現、也有點不切實際。
So, how much water should we store before a typhoon hits?
Put simply, if you feel that stocking up on bottled water is part of the “ritual” of preparing for a typhoon, then preparing 6 to 9 litres of drinking water per person for three days is more than enough. The reason is straightforward: typhoons don’t always cause immediate power or water outages, and even when they do, it rarely happens the moment the storm arrives. Based on past experience, the time from landfall to disruption, and eventual recovery or emergency relief. is usually manageable with a three-day supply.
For basic daily tasks like washing dishes or cooking, if water and electricity are cut off and you still wish to maintain hygiene routines such as hand-washing clothes or mopping the floor, you’ll need around 10 litres per person per day, or 30 litres over three days.
If you’re determined to maintain your usual standard of living during an outage (including flushing toilets and taking showers) you’d need roughly 190 litres per person per day. However, laundry water can be reused for flushing, and in emergency situations, it’s reasonable to adjust expectations. By reducing daily usage by 30 litres, the total water needed per person over three days comes to about 480 litres (or 0.48 cubic metres). Without a bathtub or large storage containers at home, that amount may be difficult, and frankly, a bit unrealistic to store
有沒有更加聰明理智的方法? 減小購買一大堆瓶裝水?
其實反正是颱風天停水停電的日子，家裡可以放一些免洗餐具，就可以省下部份生活用水。衣服、洗澡也未必需要像平時一樣每天洗個爽。拖地、洗衣服、洗菜的水也可以用來沖廁澆花，利用這機會過幾天環保的生活。
至於所需儲水量的估算和分配，我們需要從衛生角度去把需要用的水分類來討論。
Is there a smarter way to prepare, without buying piles of bottled water?
Since typhoon days often come with water and power outages, one practical approach is to keep some disposable tableware at home to reduce the need for washing up. You probably don’t need to shower or do laundry every day as usual. Water used for mopping floors, washing clothes or rinsing vegetables can be reused for flushing toilets or watering plants. It’s a good opportunity to live a few days in a more eco-friendly way.
When estimating how much water to store, it’s helpful to break it down by hygiene needs and prioritise accordingly.
第一類: 需要潔淨度要求高的水: 包括要喝的水、煮飯的水
對於潔淨要求高的水，(三天6L煮飯洗碗27L) ，你可以用封閉的容器儲水。例如水罐、水袋等。需要用時再煮沸。至於如何煮沸? 考慮到家裡可能連電力和瓦斯都有可以中斷，你可以買一個簡單的卡式小瓦斯爐在家中備用(不要大量存放瓦斯)，就是我們吃火鍋的那一種。如果你家裡本身就是用瓶裝瓦斯爐(石油氣)的話，那就根本不用額外再去考慮。
假如你家裡有運動水瓶也不妨先把煮好的水放滿，像我家裡平日就有一堆大大小小的運動水瓶。
Category One: Water that requires high cleanliness, such as drinking and cooking water
For water that needs to be clean and safe, like drinking water and water for cooking (roughly 6 litres for drinking and 27 litres for cooking and washing over three days), it’s best to store it in sealed containers, such as water jugs or collapsible water bags. You can boil it when needed.
As for boiling: if your home loses both electricity and gas during a typhoon, consider keeping a small portable gas stove on hand—the kind often used for hotpot. Just be careful not to store too many gas canisters. If your home already uses bottled gas (LPG), then you likely won’t need any extra equipment.
If you have sports bottles at home, it’s a good idea to fill them with boiled water in advance. Personally, I keep a mix of large and small bottles ready just in case.
我以前多數用這種可折疊的水袋，每個容量為10L，約等於20瓶500ml的瓶裝水。平時可以折疊存放，
有需要時洗乾淨再儲水，一家四口準備五個就十分足夠。(淘x貨)
近年我改用這種露營水箱，主要是容易清洗，但佔空間。一般容量有20~35L。
簡單的卡式爐，斷水斷電的時候很好用。如果你家本身就用大瓶的石油氣就不需要了。
第二類: 不需要潔淨要求太高的水: 包括沖廁的水、洗澡的水、洗碗的水、洗衣服的水
對於不需要潔淨度要求太高的水，例如沖廁水。 沖廁用的水可以使用較開放的容器存水，例如你的浴缸(如果漏水可放膠紙)，水盤、水桶等儲存。如果你以日子省水但還過得去的態度用水，考慮蒸發和滲漏。每個人三天存量約需310L就十分足夠。一般來講，因為你的活動量變低，正常用水量也會隨之稍為下降。
Category Two: Water that doesn’t need to be perfectly clean, such as for flushing, bathing, washing dishes or laundry
For lower-grade water uses like toilet flushing, you can store water in open containers such as bathtubs (seal any leaks with tape), basins or buckets. If you adopt a more frugal approach during typhoon days, and account for evaporation and minor leaks, around 310 litres per person for three days should be sufficient.
Generally speaking, your overall water usage tends to drop during such periods, as daily activity levels are lower.
大水桶一般15~30L，家裡沒有浴缸的人，需要儲水時你可以把家裡水桶，地拖桶通通都放滿水。
總結一下，你必需要準備的水是
三天不多於9升飲用水，你可以買瓶裝水，又或著預先煮沸存放於一些運動水瓶中。
三天不多於27升煮飯洗碗用水，可以用能密封的水罐存起來。若用免洗餐具可減至18升。
三天不多於310升的衛生用水。可用水桶、盤、浴缸等儲存。若你不洗澡省用可減至240升。
In summary, here’s how much water you should prepare for a three-day typhoon period:
Drinking water: No more than 9 litres per person. You can either buy bottled water or boil and store it in sports bottles in advance.
Cooking and washing-up water: Up to 27 litres per person. Store it in sealed containers. If you use disposable tableware, this can be reduced to around 18 litres.
Hygiene water: Around 310 litres per person, stored in buckets, basins or the bathtub. If you skip showers, this can be reduced to 240 litres.
透過上面介紹的方法，大家可以看到我們基本上不必為幾天的停水停電去買一堆瓶裝水。其實，反正這種缺水缺電的日子好幾年才遇到一次，希望文章能幫助大家好好去準備，不要太過度反應。也順便呼籲一下減小使用即棄的瓶裝水。
By following the methods outlined above, it’s clear that we don’t need to panic-buy large amounts of bottled water just for a few days without power or running water. These situations are rare, perhaps only once every few years, so with a bit of planning, we can stay prepared without overreacting. It’s also a good chance to remind everyone to reduce the use of single-use plastic bottles.
R.S.E F.Chan 09.2025校正
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