12.澳門申請商用電錶有多難?

前言

澳門的營商的各項手續複雜程度聞名亞洲，不但令成本日益上升、令不少外地投資者卻步，也讓本地有意創業的人倍感壓力。其中，申請商用電錶的手續繁複與費用高昂，作為開業的基本條件之一，更成為許多原本有意投資者卻步的原因。

早在十多年前，政府基於安全考量，便開始鼓勵商舖，尤其是餐飲業，改用電力以減少明火燃料的使用。然而，澳門政府沒有考慮到，申請電錶的程序日趨繁瑣，費用亦節節上升，遠超一般人的預期與負擔能力。

以下，我們將從行政流程與成本兩方面，詳細探討這一問題。

Introduction

The rising complexity of business procedures in Macau has significantly increased operating costs, discouraging many foreign investors and placing added pressure on local entrepreneurs. Among these challenges, the process and expense of applying for an electricity meter "an essential requirement for opening a business" has become a major barrier.

Over a decade ago, the government began encouraging shops, especially those in the food and beverage sector, to switch to electricity in order to reduce the use of open flames for safety reasons. However, it failed to account for the growing complexity and cost of the electricity meter application process, which now far exceeds most people’s expectations and financial capacity.

In the following sections, we will examine this issue in terms of administrative procedures and associated costs.

一、現行法規與實務操作

根據第35/2011號行政法規第十二條，凡用電量超過34.5 kVA（即3×50安培）的經營場所，若涉及新申請電錶、增減用電量或電錶轉名等事項，均須事先向土地工務局申請電力裝置臨時使用准照（俗稱「七等準照」，葡文為 Emissão de Licença Provisória de Exploração de Instalações Elétricas）。(#註1 已修改)

這條法規看似簡單，實際執行起來卻如一場噩夢，當中隱含的細節與程序遠比表面複雜。以下，我將透過不同案例，深入剖析第十二條的真正含義與實際影響。

1. Current Regulations and Practical Application

According to Article 12 of No. 35/2011, any commercial premises with a power demand exceeding 34.5 kVA (i.e. 3×50 amps) must obtain prior approval from the DSSCU when applying for a new electricity meter, changing electricity load, or transferring meter ownership. This approval takes the form of a Provisional Licence for the Operation of Electrical Installations (commonly known as the “Category 7 Licence”, or in Portuguese: Emissão de Licença Provisória de Exploração de Instalações Elétricas).

While the regulation may appear straightforward, its implementation is often a bureaucratic nightmare. The hidden complexities and procedural hurdles are far greater than they seem. In the following sections, I will use real-life examples to unpack the true implications of Article 12.

以一個真實的場景作為故事的開端

小明在澳門租用了一個地舖，並經營一家小店，突然發現，原有電錶供電能力不足，你要怎麼辦才好?

A Real Scenario to Set the Scene

Mr. Ming rented a street- shop in Macao and started running a small business. Suddenly, you realise the existing electricity meter doesn’t provide enough power. What should you do next?

第一階段

假如，你的店用電需求超過 34.5kVA(3x50amp)，那麼我恭喜你，請細心看下去。 (註1，已修改為69kVA)

1- 首先你要聘請澳門政府註冊的電力/機電工程師，去編制電力計劃。（費用約 MOP 5,000 - 60,000）

#因為自2025年3月左右，當你申請電力裝置臨時使用准照（俗稱 七等準照)時，工務局會要求你必需出示包含被批核電力計劃的 "工程準照"，至於原因? 沒有人知道，反正這個要求每天都在變。

2 - 當你看到第一點註釋出現"工程準照" 四個字，就知道在申請手續在一環扣一環下，代表你還需聘請政府註冊的土木工程師，作為計劃指導的工程師，並向土地工務局提交工程計劃及申請"工程準照"，還有.....。（費用約 MOP 3,000-10,000） 

3- 當你上述的電力計劃批核後，你還要聘請政府註冊的承建商，負責向工務局提出"工程實施"以取得"工程準照"。（費用約 MOP 3,000-10,000）

4- 因為你需要取得工程準照，所以你需要為該工程購買保險（費用約 MOP 1,000-8,000）

5- 最後，為了土地工務局批核工程計劃和工程準照，去繳納稅金。（費用約 MOP 2,400）

以上審批時間與費用：

• 若 一次成功，需時約 四個月，總費用約 MOP 14,400 - 92,800之間。

• 若 未獲批，需再次繳納 MOP 2,400 稅金，並再循環等待 三個月。

Stage One: 

If your shop’s electricity demand exceeds 34.5 kVA (i.e. 3×50 amps), congratulations, you’ve entered the first stage. Read carefully. (Remark1, Changed to 69kVA)

1. Hire a Government-Registered Electrical or Electromechanical Engineer
   You’ll need to engage a Macau-registered engineer to prepare a formal electrical plan.(Estimated cost: MOP 5,000–60,000.)

# Since around March 2025, when applying for the Provisional Licence for the Operation of Electrical Installations (commonly known as the “Category 7 Licence”), DSSCU requires you to submit an approved electrical plan along with a separate Works Licence. Why? No one really knows, the requirements seem to change daily.

2. Appoint a Registered Civil Engineer to Apply for the Works Licence
   Once you see the term “Works Licence”, you’ll realise the process is tightly interlinked. You must also hire a government-registered civil engineer to act as the supervising engineer, submit a works plan to DSSCU, and apply for the licence.(Estimated cost: MOP 3,000–10,000. )

3. Engage a Registered Contractor to Implement the Works
   After your electrical plan is approved, you’ll need a registered contractor to formally notify DSSCU of the works implementation and secure the final Works Licence. (Estimated cost: MOP 3,000–10,000.)

4. Purchase Construction Insurance
   To obtain the Works Licence, you must insure the project. (Estimated cost: MOP 1,000–8,000.)

5. Pay Government Fees for Approval
   Finally, to complete the approval of both the works plan and the Works Licence, you’ll need to pay the relevant government fees.  (Estimated cost: MOP 2,400.)

Estimated Time and Cost for Approval

If approved on the first attempt, the process takes approximately four months, with total costs ranging from MOP 14,400 to MOP 92,800.

If the application is rejected, an additional MOP 2,400 in government fees must be paid, and the cycle repeats with a further three-month wait.

第二階段

當你以為成功了，你未免高興得太早。

當電力計劃獲批後，下一步就是向工務局申請 電力裝置臨時使用准照(通常俗為“第七等電力裝置使用准照” ) ：

1- 聘請電力相關專業人士製作文件，包括電力裝置說明書、解釋備忘錄及電箱總線路圖。（費用約 MOP 3,000 - 20,000）

#奇怪的事情又出現了，雖然電力計劃在第一階段已獲工務局批核，按理只是重複提交相同文件以完成程序，但當計劃再次遞交時，工務局卻常常提出新的反對意見，甚至否決申請，令開店進度受阻，令人費解。

以上的審批時間與費用：

• 若 一次成功，需時約 30 個工作天，倘若不成功，就不停循環再花30天。費用約 MOP 3,000 - 10,000。

Stage Two:

Just when you think you’ve made it, hold that thought !

Once your electrical plan is approved, the next step is to apply to DSSCU for the Provisional Licence for the Operation of Electrical Installations (commonly referred to as the “Category 7 Licence”).

Hire Electrical Professionals to Prepare Documentation
You’ll need qualified professionals to produce the required documents, including an installation description, technical memo, and a complete wiring diagram.
(Estimated cost: MOP 3,000–20,000.)

#Here’s where things get puzzling. Although your electrical plan was already approved in Stage One, and you’re essentially resubmitting the same documents, DSSCU often raises new objections—or even rejects the application entirely. This can delay your opening and leave many scratching their heads.

Estimated Time and Cost

If approved on the first attempt, the process takes around 30 working days. If not, it may repeat in 30-day cycles until successful.
‣ Estimated cost: MOP 3,000–10,000.

第三階段

當你好不容易從土地工務局取得臨時「七等準照」，以為最困難的部分已經過去，其實真正的挑戰才剛剛開始。

1- 你需要攜齊相關資料，前往電力公司申請擴大電錶容量。然而大家可以劃一個重點。就是你向工務局提出申請的電錶(大小)容量雖然被批核，並不代表電力公司同樣會接受。

2- 因此，在向土地工務局提交任何資料之前，先向電力公司進行技術諮詢（預審）是極為重要的。這樣可避免你前期投入的數月時間和數萬元費用白白浪費。這種交叉式流程，若非在業界摸爬滾打多年、吃過不少苦頭的人，根本難以預料。眼看流程快要完成，卻可能因電力公司不同意而被迫重新開始。

3- 電力公司會評估你申請的電錶安裝是否可行，以及所需的技術條件與費用。下圖是一個真實且相對幸運的案例：只需升級三相保險絲、更換錶前後電纜、設置三相電錶位，以及更新店內配電箱即可。但有些最惡劣的情況下，可能還需接駁至街外的 PT 房或分區變壓站，費用與施工難度將大幅提升。

需時約 10 個工作天，(費用約 MOP 15,000 - 無上限。)

Stage Three: 

After finally receiving the provisional “Category 7 Licence” from DSSCU, you might think the hard part is over, but the real real challenge is just beginning.

1. Apply to the CEM
   You’ll need to submit documents to the CEM to request a higher-capacity electricity meter. However, even if DSSCU has approved the requested capacity, the CEM may not accept it.

2. Consult Before You Submit
   Always consult CEM before submitting anything to DSSCU. This pre-assessment can save you months of effort and thousands of money. Without industry experience, most people wouldn’t expect such a back-and-forth process.

3. Feasibility and Cost
   The CEM will assess whether your installation is possible and what it will cost. In a relatively smooth case, upgrades may include a three-phase fuse, new cables, a meter base, and an updated distribution board. In more complex cases, you may need to connect to an external PT room or substation, which can be far more expensive.

‣ Estimated time: Around 10 working days
‣ Estimated cost: From MOP 15,000 upwards (no fixed limit)

第四階段

到了安裝電錶的程序了，剛剛講到，電力公司評估後會告訴你想安裝的電錶的可行性和代價有多大。具體指的是什麼呢?

• 例如你為你的小店安裝電錶，電力公司最起碼會告訴你電錶前和電錶後需要做多少工程。 例如拉綫、電力分箱等。

• 倘若你的同層不足以供電給你，你就可能需要拉綫到地面層的QGBT。問題是，QGBT有沒有你需要升級的掣位呢? 又是另外一回事了。

#從這裡開始，你的所有更改根據14/2017第三十條規定，工務局(有可能)要求你最少取得三份二業主同意。

• 再倘若，你的QBGT供電能力和接口足夠，你就只需要花一萬幾千增加一個掣位。但是，倘若你的QGBT不能簡單提供一個接口就能供電的話，你又面臨兩個選擇。 第一，更改電櫃。第二，更換電櫃; 這樣，花費就達到數十萬元起跳了。而且很大機會整幢建築物需要停電八個小時以上。

• 又再倘若，你的QGBT到上一級的火牛(Transformer) 連接到QGBT的電纜容量不夠，那麼，你又要支付一筆錢去更改這一個部份了。

• 然後又再倘若，你的火牛Transformer總容量不足以供應所你需增加的電量時，你就可能需要更換或增加新的火牛Transformer，投資一下只去到百萬的級數。

• 最壞的情況是，由澳電CEM供應到你的Transformer的供電容量不足，你就要安排由電力公司CEM的Sub Station連接到你大廈Transformer間的電纜等一系例面升級，包括路面開挖。更換電纜。以及協調路面的開挖時間及其他地底設施。預算一下增加到從百萬起跳，一直到千萬不等。因為要步及路面開挖，所以時間從三個月到三年多不等。

Stage Four:

Now comes the actual meter installation. As mentioned earlier, the power company will assess whether your requested meter upgrade is feasible and what it will cost. But what does that really involve?

• For a small shop, the power company will at minimum tell you what works are needed before and after the meter, such as new cabling or distribution board adjustments.

• If your floor doesn’t have enough power capacity, you may need to run cables down to the main QGBT on the ground floor. But here’s the catch: does the QGBT have a spare slot for your upgrade? That’s a separate issue altogether.

# From this point on, under Article 30 of 14/2017, DSSCU may require consent from at least two-thirds of the property owners for any changes to shared infrastructure.

• If the QGBT has enough capacity and a spare connection point, you might only need to spend around MOP 10,000–20,000 to add a new breaker. However, if the QGBT cannot support your upgrade, you face two costly options: modify the switchboard or replace it entirely. In such cases, costs can easily exceed several MOP hundred thousand, and the entire building may need to be without power for over eight hours during the works.

• If the cables connecting your QGBT to the upstream transformer don’t have enough capacity, you’ll need to pay for upgrades to that section.

• If the transformer itself doesn’t have sufficient capacity to support your increased load, you may need to replace or install an additional transformer, an investment that can easily reach more than Mop million range.

• In the worst-case scenario, if the power supply from CEM to your building’s transformer is also insufficient, you’ll need to arrange a full upgrade of the connection between the CEM substation and your transformer. This may involve road excavation, cable replacement, and coordination with other underground utilities. Costs can start in the millions and potentially reach tens of millions of patacas. Due to the need for roadworks, the timeline could range from three months to over three years.

這可怕的四個步驟，我做了一張圖給大家參考看看

二、到底那些地方能改善呢?

A.個人層面

在個人層面能做的其實很有限，但我仍有兩點有用的建議：

1.  預估用電量並進行預審
   當你決定租用或購買一個單位時，首先要評估你的預期用電量。若現有供電容量不足，就必須向電力公司申請「預審」，這一步非常重要。預審結果一般約需十四個工作天，屆時你便能了解提升供電容量的成本。建議尋求專業人士協助分析，評估你在時間與資源方面是否能夠承擔。

2. 確認是否設有業主會
   若你租用或購買的單位可能需要增加用電量，應先了解該建築物是否設有俗稱「業主會」的「分層建築物所有人大會」。萬一需要改動大廈的共用部分或設施，至少可以透過業主大會取得統一簽名同意，而不必逐一向每位業主個別徵求同意。

B.政府層面

當然，我們希望政府重新去檢視整個審批的流程和法規，但是，有一些簡單的變動也可以令整個申請效率略為改善的。

1. 將現行「超過69kVA即須申請電力裝置准照」的門檻放寬至130kVA或以上，以更切合大部分小型企業的實際用電需求。 

2. 建立一個統一窗口處理電錶容量提升的申請，不論由工務局或CEM負責，目的在於簡化重複且循環的程序，提升行政效率。

3. 在批核電力計劃時，增設「同時申請臨時電力准照」的選項，以減少重複遞交和審批文件的情況，加快整體進度。

4. 修訂《第14/2017號法律》第三十條中，倘若涉及大廈共用部分設施更改時須取得三分之二或二分之一業主同意的規定，改為先行公示一段時間，若無反對意見，則可有條件批核。此舉旨在讓缺乏「業主會」的物業亦能順利進行相關申請。

5. 對於新建樓宇，政府以具體政策或財政奬勵去鼓勵發展商增大並預留足夠將來使用的電容量。(減小CEM Sub station經Transformer到QGBT這兩級不足的可能)

2. What Can Be Improved?

A. Individual Level

There’s limited room for action at the individual level, but here are two key suggestions:

• Estimate Power Needs and Request a Pre-Assessment
  Before renting or purchasing a unit, assess your expected electricity usage. If the current supply is insufficient, apply for a pre-assessment from the power company. This step is crucial. It usually takes around 14 working days and will give you a clear idea of the cost to upgrade. It’s advisable to consult a professional to evaluate whether you have the time and resources to proceed.

• Check for an Owners’ Association
  If your unit may require increased power supply, find out whether the building has an owners’ association (formally known as the General Assembly of Co-owners). If changes to shared infrastructure are needed, this allows you to seek collective approval rather than approaching each owner individually.

B. Government Level

Honestly, we hope our government should conduct a full review of the entire approval process. However, even a few targeted changes could help improve efficiency:

• Raise the Threshold for Licensing
  Adjust the current requirement for a power installation licence from 69 kVA to 130 kVA or above, to better reflect the actual needs of most small businesses.

• Create a Single Application Window
  Set up a unified platform to handle all applications for electricity capacity upgrades (whether managed by DSSCU or CEM) to reduce duplication and streamline the process.

• Allow Joint Submission of Plans and Provisional Licence
  Introduce an option to apply for the provisional electricity licence at the same time as submitting the electrical plan, to avoid repeated paperwork and speed up business openings.

• Revise Consent Rules for Shared Building Works
  Amend Article 30 of Law No. 14/2017 so that, instead of requiring consent from two-thirds or half of all owners for changes to shared building infrastructure, a public notice period could be introduced. If no objections are raised, conditional approval could be granted. This would help buildings without formal owners’ associations move forward with applications.

• Encourage Future-Proofing in New Buildings
  Use policy tools or financial incentives to encourage developers to build with higher electrical capacity and future expansion in mind.

註1#自筆者完成這文章不到一個月，澳門特別行政區政府就公佈了經營商業或工業活動、酒店業場所業務及作辦公室用途的樓宇、樓宇部份或獨立單位的永久裝置必須取得使用准照的訂定功率，由34.5千伏安調升至69千伏安 。詳情請看政府公告。

Q&A

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R.S.E  F.Chan 10.2025更新

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